Each year more than two million people visit a doctor for dizziness, and an untold number suffer from motion sickness, which is the most common medical problem associated with travel.

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Most cases of dizziness and motion sickness are mild and self-treatable disorders. But severe cases, and those that become progressively worse, deserve the attention and care of a physician with specialized skills in diseases of the ear: nose throat, equilibrium, and neurological systems.

 

WHAT IS DIZZINESS?
Some people describe a balance problem by saying they feel dizzy, lightheaded, unsteady, or giddy. This feeling of imbalance or disequilibrium, without a sensation of turning or spinning, is sometimes due to an inner ear problem.

 

WHAT WILL THE PHYSICIAN DO FOR MY DIZZINESS?

The doctor will ask you to describe your dizziness, whether it is lightheadedness or a sensation of motion, how long and how often the dizziness has troubled you, how long a dizzy episode lasts, and whether it is associated with hearing loss or nausea and vomiting. You might be asked for circumstances that might bring on a dizzy spell. You will need to answer questions about your general health, any medicines you are taking, recent infections, and other questions about your ear and neurological system.

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Your physician will examine your ears, nose, and throat and do tests on nerve and balance function. Because the inner ear controls balance and hearing, disorders of balance often affect hearing and vice versa. Therefore, your physician will probably recommend hearing tests (audio-grams). In some cases, the physician might order a skull

X-rays, an MRI scan of your head, or a special test of eye motion after warm or cold water is used to stimulate the inner ear (ENG electroystagmography). In some cases, blood tests or a cardiology (heart) evaluation might be recommended.

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Not every patient will require every test. It will be the physician's judgment (based on each of the findings in each particular patient) that determines which studies are needed. Similarly, the treatments recommended by your physician will depend on the diagnosis.

WHAT IS VERTIGO?
A few people describe their balance problem by using the word vertigo, which comes from the Latin verb "to turn". They often say that they or their surroundings are turning or spinning. Vertigo is frequently due to an inner ear problem.

WHAT IS MOTION SICKNESS & SEA SICKNESS?

Some people experience nausea and even vomiting when riding in an airplane, automobile, or amusement park ride, and this is called motion sickness. Many people experience motion sickness when riding on a boat or ship, and this is called seasickness even though it is the same disorder.

Motion sickness or sea sickness is usually just a minor annoyance and does not

signify any serious medical illness, but some travelers are incapacitated by it, and a few even suffer symptoms for a few days after the trip (the "ma! d'embarquement" syndrome).

 

WHAT CAN I DO FOR MOTION SICKNESS?

Always ride where your eyes will see the same motion that your body and inner ears feel, e.g., sit in the front seat of the car and look at the distant scenery, go up on the deck of the ship and watch the motion of the horizon; sit by the window of the plane and look outside. In an airplane choose a seat over the wings where the motion is the least.

Do not read while traveling if you are subject to motion sickness, and do not sit in a seat facing backward.

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Do not watch or talk to another traveler who is having motion sickness.

Avoid strong odors and spicy or greasy foods that do not agree with you (immediately before and during your travel). Medical research has not yet investigated the effectiveness of popular folk remedies such as soda crackers and 7Up or "cola syrup over ice."

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Take one of the varieties of motion sickness medicines before your travel begins, as recommended by your physician. Some of these medications can be purchased without a prescription (i.e., Dramamine, Boxine, Marezine, etc.) Stronger medicines such as tranquilizers and nervous system depressants will require a prescription from your physician. Some are used in pill or suppository form; another one (scopolamine) is used as a stick-on patch applied to the skin behind the ear.

THE ANATOMY OF BALANCE

Dizziness, vertigo, and motion sickness all relate to the sense of balance and equilibrium. Researchers in space and aeronautical medicine call this sense spatial orientation because it tells the brain where the body is "in space": what direction it is pointing, what direction it is moving, and if it is turning or standing still.

Your sense of balance is maintained by a complex interaction of the following parts of the nervous system:

• The inner ear (also called the labyrinth) monitors the directions of

motions, such as turning or forward-backward, side-to-side, and up-and-down motions.

• The eyes monitor where the body is in space (i.e., upside down, right side

up, etc.) and also directions of motion.

• The skin pressure receptors such as in the joints and spine, tell what pa1t of the body is down and touching the ground.

• The muscle and joint sensory receptors tell what parts of the body, are moving.

• The central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) processes all the bits of information from the other four systems to make some, coordinated sense out of it all.

 

The symptoms of motion sickness and dizziness appear when the central nervous system receives conflicting messages from the other four systems.

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For example, suppose you are riding in an airplane during a storm, and your airplane is being tossed about by air turbulence. But your eyes do not detect all this motion because all you see is the inside of the airplane. Then your brain receives messages that do not match up right with each other. You might become "air sick".

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Or suppose you are sitting in the back seat of a moving car reading a book. Your inner ears and skin receptors will detect the motion of your travel, but your eyes see only the pages of your book. You could become "car sick".

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Or, to use a true medical condition as an example, suppose you suffer inner ear damage on only one side from a head injury or an infection. The damaged inner car does not send the same signals as the healthy ear. This gives conflicting signals to the brain about the sensation of rotation, and you could suffer a sense of spinning or vertigo, as well as nausea.

WHAT MEDICAL DISEASES CAUSE DIZZINESS?

• Circulation: Disorders of blood circulation are among the most common causes of dizziness. If your brain does not get enough blood flow you might feel lightheaded. Almost everyone has experienced this on occasion when standing up quickly from a lying down position. But some people have lightheadedness from poor circulation on a frequent or c1n·onic basis. This could be caused by arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries, and it is commonly seen in patients who have high blood pressure, diabetes, or high levels of blood fat (cholesterol). It is sometimes seen in patients with inadequate cardiac (heart) function or with anemia.

• Certain drugs also decrease the blood flow to the brain, especially stimulants such as nicotine and caffeine. Excess salt in the diet also leads to poor circulation. Sometimes circulation is impaired by spasms in the arteries caused by emotional stress, anxiety, and tension.

• If the inner ear fails to receive the blood flow, the more specific type of dizziness occurs-that is vertigo. The inner ear is very sensitive to minor alterations of blood flow, and all of the causes mentioned for poor circulation to the brain also apply specifically to the inner ear.

• Injury: A skull fracture that damages the inner ear produces profound and incapacitating vertigo with nausea and hearing loss. The dizziness will last for several weeks, then slowly improve as the normal (other) side takes over all of the inner ear functions.

• Infections: Viruses such as those causing the common "cold" or "flu" can attack the inner ear and its nerve connections to the brain. This can result in severe vertigo, but the hearing is usually spared. However, a bacterial infection such as mastoiditis that extends into the inner ear will completely destroy both the hearing and the equilibrium function of that ear. The severity of dizziness and recovery time will be similar to that described above with a skull fracture.

• Allergy: Some people experience dizziness and/or vertigo attacks when they are exposed to foods or airborne particles (such as dust, molds, pollens, dander, etc.) to which they are allergic.

• Neurological Diseases: A number of diseases of the nerve can affect balance, such as multiple sclerosis, syphilis, etc. These are uncommon causes, but your physician will think about them during the examination.

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Remember: Most cases of dizziness and motion sickness are mild and self-treatable disorders. But severe cases, and those that become progressively worse, deserve the attention and care of a physician with specialized skills in diseases of the ear: nose throat, equilibrium, and neurological systems.

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